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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an adverse impact on the physical and mental health of the public worldwide. In addition to illness in patients with COVID-19, isolated people and the general population have experienced mental health problems due to social distancing policies, mandatory lockdown, and other psychosocial factors, and the prevalence of depression and anxiety significantly increased during the pandemic. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the epidemiology, contributing factors, and pathogenesis of depression and anxiety. during the pandemic. These findings indicate that physicians and psychiatrists should pay more attention to and identify those with a high risk for mental problems, such as females, younger people, unmarried people, and those with a low educational level. In addition, researchers should focus on identifying the neural and neuroimmune mechanisms involved in depression and anxiety, and assess the intestinal microbiome to identify effective biomarkers. We also provide an overview of various intervention methods, including pharmacological treatment, psychological therapy, and physiotherapy, to provide a reference for different populations to guide the development of optimized intervention methods.
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Female , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Pandemics , Depression/therapy , SARS-CoV-2 , Communicable Disease Control , Anxiety/psychologyABSTRACT
Memory function is the core component of human brain cognition.Memory impairment significantly affects people's daily life and social ability,but existing cognitive training or drug therapy can not effectively improve memory function.In recent years,new techniques and methods have been emerging in brain science research,especially neural regulation techniques,such as transcranial electrical / magnetic stimulation,which can significantly regulate cognitive ability and effectively promote memory function.Transcranial direct current stimulation is a kind of noninvasive and safe technique.It can regulate cerebral cortex activity by changing the cerebral cortex excitability,and play a role in regulating brain function.At present,there have been reports at home and abroad that transcranial direct current stimulation can promote memory function and improve memory effectively.This technique is applied to the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases,but its mechanism is not clear.This article reviews the mechanism and application of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) in promoting different types of memory function in order to provide evidence for early intervention and treatment of memory impairment.
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Objective To investigate the effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimula-tion on visual spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Sixty-six patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study. The subjects were ran-domized into a true stimulation group of 33 patients and a placebo control group of 33 patients,each patient only received one stimulation. After receiving a stimulus,the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe was stimulated by high-precision transcranial direct current. The true stimulation group was stimulated with a current of 1. 5 mA for 20 min. The control group used pseudo-stimulation,and only the current was passed within 30 s of the beginning and the end of the stimulation. Both groups completed the neuropsychological background test and the n-back task before stimulation,and the stimulation was performed after five days. After the stimula-tion,the two groups completed the n-back task again,and compared the Changes in grades to reflect changes in working memory before and after the pseudo-stimulation. Results Before the stimulation,the response rate of the 3-back task was compared with that of the control group ((0. 32±0. 21),(0. 32±0. 22)),the true stimulation group ((0. 28 ± 0. 19), ( 0. 35 ± 0. 21)), and the difference was statistically significant ( F=5. 298,P=0. 025). Conclusion Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation to stimulate the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using can improve the visual memory function of patients. In the future,this technique can be applied to the cognitive promotion of memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
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Objective To explore whether the ability of intertemporal choice is impaired in schizophrenic patients and in their unaffected siblings.Methods Twenty-five schizophrenia patients,twenty-five unaffected siblings of patients and thirty healthy controls were recruited in the study."Delay-discounting" task and a battery of cognitive neuropsychological assessment were used to examine the intertemporal decision-making.Results (1) the value of k was ((0.005±0.009 in schizophrenia,0.011±0.014 in unaffected siblings and 0.024±0.029 in healthy controls,respectively.There was significant difference in k value among these three groups (F=9.487,P＜0.001).There were significant differences in k value between patients group and healthy controls,and between unaffected siblings and healthy controls (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings (P＜0.05).(2) Pearson correlation analysis not showed any relationship between neuropsychological test and the value of k.Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices is impaired in schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings to a great degree.
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Objective To explore whether the ability of intertemporal choice is impaired in schizophrenic patients and in their unaffected siblings.Methods Twenty-five schizophrenia patients,twenty-five unaffected siblings of patients and thirty healthy controls were recruited in the study."Delay-discounting" task and a battery of cognitive neuropsychological assessment were used to examine the intertemporal decision-making.Results (1) the value of k was ((0.005±0.009 in schizophrenia,0.011±0.014 in unaffected siblings and 0.024±0.029 in healthy controls,respectively.There was significant difference in k value among these three groups (F=9.487,P＜0.001).There were significant differences in k value between patients group and healthy controls,and between unaffected siblings and healthy controls (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings (P＜0.05).(2) Pearson correlation analysis not showed any relationship between neuropsychological test and the value of k.Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices is impaired in schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings to a great degree.
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Objective To investigate the memory monitoring ability in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration(HLD) and explore the mechanism of their memory impairment.Methods The feeling-of-knowing (FOK) paradigm of episodic memory(EM) and semantic memory(SM)were established and subsequently applied to 30 HLD patients and 30 healthy control(HC) participants who were matched in age and educational level.Results Compared with healthy control group (FOK-EM recall (64.17 ± 29.21) ％ ; FOK-SM recall (84.72 ± 11.44)％),the FOK-EM recall((26.55±20.92)％) and FOK-SM recall((53.93±28.42)％) in HLD patients were significantly lower(t=-5.140,P＜0.01 ; t=-5.123,P＜0.01).The positive judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM ((50.64±29.43) ％) and the negative judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM((12.80± 18.32) ％) in the HLD group were significantly different from the HC group (the positive judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM:(75.15±31.73)％ and the false judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM:(1.81±5.41)％; t=-2.693,P＜0.05 ; t=3.026,P＜0.01).Most importantly,the stroop effect was positively correlated with the negative judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM in HLD group(r=0.601,P＜0.01).Conclusion The results show that the HLD group underestimate their memory performance on episodic FOK,and the impairment of memory monitoring is positively correlated with the deficit of executive function,indicating that the prefrontal impairment can be an influential factor of memory disorder in HLD,whereas the unimpaired semantic metamemory FOK indicates the episodic and semantic metamemory monitoring may depend on different neural network.
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Objective To understand the capacity of application,and discuss the types as well as the mechanism of these dysfunctions.Methods A battery of neuropsychological tests including tool naming,tool naming by function,using of transitive tools,novel task test and naming photographs (living and inanimate) were applied in this study.20 AD patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study.Results The AD patients performed worse than the controls on the tool naming,tool naming by function,application of transitive tool,novel task test,naming tasks of living and inanimate pictures.The results represented significance in all of the tests (t =-6.54,-5.94,-4.16,-4.81,-2.17,-2.08 ; P ＜ 0.05).There were significant correlations between the performances in application the tasks and the ADAS-cog,MMSE and ADL scores (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The findings indicate that AD patients have apraxia,mainly impairment in ideomotor apraxia and ideational apraxia.Additionally,the patients have significantly decreased performance in ideational apraxia.The result suggests that AD patients' apraxia might result from the semantic processing disorder.
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Objective To explore the neuropsychological features of cognitive impairment induced by chemotherapy for breast cancer patients.Methods A neuropsychology battery was applied in this study.Seventy six breast cancer patients were enrolled in the test and classified as chemotherapy treatment patients(CT,n =38),and non-chemotherapy treatment patients(non-CT,n =38).Forty normal female people were also evaluated as healthy control(HC).Results Compared with HC and non-CT groups,the correct number of backward(CT:4.42±1.11,non-CT:5.18 ± 1.16,HC:5.13 ± 1.22),delayed recall (CT:8.55 ± 1.75,non-CT:9.58 ± 1.50,HC:10.13 ± 1.92) and recognition (CT:7.68 ± 1.90,non-CT:8.97 ± 1.62,HC:9.08 ± 2.09) were low in the CT group (P ＜ 0.01).The reaction time of Stroop test B (CT:(21.54 ± 5.02) s,non-CT:(19.37 ± 4.26) s,HC:(18.82 ± 3.05) s),Stroop test C (CT:(34.85 ± 8.46) s,non-CT:(31.02 ± 7.38) s,HC:(30.61 ± 7.83) s) and TMT test B(CT:(102.79± 11.90)s,non-CT:(96.22 ± 12.07) s,HC:(97.21 ± 11.64)s) were long in the CT group (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the Forward,Immediate Recall,Stroop test A,TMT test A and VFT among three groups(P＞ 0.05).Conclusion Breast cancer patients with chemotherapy treatment have cognitive impairment in the domains of memory,attention and executive functions.
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Objective To investigate decision making under risk in patients with antisocial personality disorder(ASPD).Methods The game of dice task (GDT) was a commonly used measure of decision making under risk.31 ASPD patients and 33 healthy controls (HC) were investigated by GDT with explicit probability.Results ASPD patients performed poorly in the entire task.ASPD selected more risky options (ASPD:10.06 ±5.26,HC:5.42 ± 3.29,t =4.201,P ＜ 0.01) compared with healthy controls.The most frequent choice made by ASPD patients was two numbers.Accordingly,the most frequent choice made by HC group was three numbers(one number:the median of ASPD patients was 1 (1-8),the median of HC was 1 (0-2.5),Z =-2.295,P =0.022) ;three numbers:ASPD:4.77 ±4.23;HC:6.79 ±3.43; t=-2.100,P=0.04;four numbers:ASPD:3.06 ±3.53;HC:5.82 ± 3.41 ; t =3.176,P=0.002).The frequency of choosing the risky options had correlation with the rate of using negative feedback(r =-0.613,P ＜ 0.01),impulsiveness (r =0.481,P =0.006) and the results of Stroop test (r =0.566,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Main results reveal that patients with ASPD make risky decisions significantly more often than the HC.Moreover,they show lack of capacity to advantageously utilize feedback,and correlation with executive function,impulsiveness,and negative feedback.
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AIM:To investigate the effects of Fu Fang Xiao Chai Hu Tang(FFXCHT)on level of Interleukin-2 and value of CD4+/CD8+ in mice bearing Ehrlish ascites carcinoma(EAC).METHODS:The effects of FFXCHT on the EAC were observed and index of thymus and spleen were observed.The method of [3H]-TdR incorporation was used to measure the IL-2 level,and the value of CD4+/CD8+ was assayed by ELITE calibur flow cytometry.RESULTS:Compared with the model group,FFXCHT inhibited the growth of EAC(P